California, US

Planting calendar for Ontario

Last frost around March 5, first frost around November 30: about 270 frost-free days.

Last frost: March 5
First frost: November 30
Frost-free days: 270

Sow now: November

See the whole year

Outdoors

Parsnip
Radish
Spinach
Arugula
Celery
Fava bean
Onion
Garlic
Leek
Scallion
Shallot
Cabbage
6 more in the year table

The year at a glance

When each crop can be sown in Ontario. Tap a crop for exact dates and when it’s ready to harvest.

Sow outdoorsSow under cover (indoors, a greenhouse or a cold frame)

When to sow each crop in Ontario, month by month. Each month says whether you can sow outdoors, under cover, or both.
Crop	JJan	FFeb	MMar	AApr	MMay	JJun	JJul	AAug	SSep	OOct	NNov	DDec
Fruiting
Tomato	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Not this month	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Chile pepper	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Not this month	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Bell pepper	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Eggplant	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Not this month	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Zucchini	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Cucumber	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Winter squash	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Sweet corn	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Roots
Carrot	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Beet	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow under cover	December: Sow under cover
Parsnip	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow under cover	June: Not this month	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Radish	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Not this month	August: Sow under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow under cover
Potato	January: Plant outdoors and under cover	February: Plant outdoors and under cover	March: Plant outdoors and under cover	April: Plant under cover	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Plant under cover	August: Plant outdoors and under cover	September: Plant outdoors and under cover	October: Plant outdoors and under cover	November: Plant under cover	December: Plant outdoors and under cover
Turnip	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Not this month	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow under cover	December: Sow under cover
Leaves
Lettuce	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Not this month	August: Sow under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow under cover	December: Sow under cover
Spinach	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Not this month	August: Sow under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Swiss chard	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow outdoors and under cover	July: Sow outdoors and under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow under cover	December: Sow under cover
Arugula	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Not this month	August: Sow under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow under cover
Celery	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow under cover	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Beans and peas
Runner bean	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Green bean	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Sow under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Fava bean	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Not this month	March: Not this month	April: Not this month	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Not this month	August: Not this month	September: Not this month	October: Sow under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Pea	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Not this month	July: Not this month	August: Sow under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Sow under cover
Onion family
Onion	January: Plant outdoors and under cover	February: Plant outdoors and under cover	March: Plant outdoors and under cover	April: Not this month	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Plant under cover	August: Plant outdoors and under cover	September: Plant outdoors and under cover	October: Plant outdoors and under cover	November: Plant outdoors and under cover	December: Plant outdoors and under cover
Garlic	January: Plant outdoors and under cover	February: Not this month	March: Not this month	April: Not this month	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Not this month	August: Not this month	September: Not this month	October: Plant under cover	November: Plant outdoors and under cover	December: Plant outdoors and under cover
Leek	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Scallion	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow outdoors and under cover	July: Sow outdoors and under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Shallot	January: Plant outdoors and under cover	February: Plant outdoors and under cover	March: Plant outdoors and under cover	April: Plant under cover	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Plant under cover	August: Plant outdoors and under cover	September: Plant outdoors and under cover	October: Plant outdoors and under cover	November: Plant outdoors and under cover	December: Plant outdoors and under cover
Brassicas
Cabbage	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Broccoli	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Sow under cover
Cauliflower	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Not this month	July: Not this month	August: Sow under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Brussels sprout	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow under cover	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Kale	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow under cover	December: Sow under cover
Bok choy	January: Sow under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Not this month	August: Sow under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Not this month
Herbs
Basil	January: Not this month	February: Sow under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow under cover	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
Parsley	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow outdoors and under cover	July: Sow outdoors and under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Cilantro	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow under cover	July: Not this month	August: Sow under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow under cover
Chives	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow under cover	June: Not this month	July: Sow under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow under cover	December: Sow under cover
Mint	January: Sow outdoors and under cover	February: Sow outdoors and under cover	March: Sow outdoors and under cover	April: Sow outdoors and under cover	May: Sow outdoors and under cover	June: Sow outdoors and under cover	July: Sow outdoors and under cover	August: Sow outdoors and under cover	September: Sow outdoors and under cover	October: Sow outdoors and under cover	November: Sow outdoors and under cover	December: Sow outdoors and under cover
Fruit
Strawberry	January: Plant outdoors and under cover	February: Plant outdoors and under cover	March: Plant outdoors and under cover	April: Plant under cover	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Plant under cover	August: Plant outdoors and under cover	September: Plant outdoors and under cover	October: Plant outdoors and under cover	November: Plant under cover	December: Plant outdoors and under cover
RaspberryWinters too mild here	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Not this month	April: Not this month	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Not this month	August: Not this month	September: Not this month	October: Not this month	November: Not this month	December: Not this month
RhubarbWinters too mild here	January: Not this month	February: Not this month	March: Not this month	April: Not this month	May: Not this month	June: Not this month	July: Not this month	August: Not this month	September: Not this month	October: Not this month	November: Not this month	December: Not this month

Fruit rows show when to plant, not sow.

Crop by crop

Fruiting

TomatoOutdoors Apr 9 to May 9, and Aug 14 to Sep 11; Under cover Mar 12 to Jun 6, and Jul 17 to Oct 9

Sow outdoors: Apr 9 to May 9, and Aug 14 to Sep 11
Under cover: Mar 12 to Jun 6, and Jul 17 to Oct 9
First harvest: About 72 days after sowing. Sown on April 9, ready around June 20.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 54°F or more, and no frost.

Tomato across the US, town by town

Chile pepperOutdoors Apr 8 to May 9, and Aug 14 to Sep 10; Under cover Mar 11 to Jun 6, and Jul 17 to Oct 8

Sow outdoors: Apr 8 to May 9, and Aug 14 to Sep 10
Under cover: Mar 11 to Jun 6, and Jul 17 to Oct 8
First harvest: About 84 days after sowing. Sown on April 8, ready around July 1.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 54°F or more, and no frost.

Chile pepper across the US, town by town

Bell pepperOutdoors Apr 15 to May 14, and Aug 14 to Sep 11; Under cover Mar 18 to Jun 11, and Jul 17 to Oct 9

Sow outdoors: Apr 15 to May 14, and Aug 14 to Sep 11
Under cover: Mar 18 to Jun 11, and Jul 17 to Oct 9
First harvest: About 78 days after sowing. Sown on April 15, ready around July 2.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 54°F or more, and no frost.

Bell pepper across the US, town by town

EggplantOutdoors Apr 15 to May 9, and Aug 14 to Sep 10; Under cover Mar 18 to Jun 6, and Jul 17 to Oct 8

Sow outdoors: Apr 15 to May 9, and Aug 14 to Sep 10
Under cover: Mar 18 to Jun 6, and Jul 17 to Oct 8
First harvest: About 90 days after sowing. Sown on April 15, ready around July 14.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 54°F or more, and no frost.

Eggplant across the US, town by town

ZucchiniOutdoors Apr 8 to May 21, and Aug 14 to Sep 30; Under cover Mar 11 to Jun 18, and Jul 17 to Oct 28

Sow outdoors: Apr 8 to May 21, and Aug 14 to Sep 30
Under cover: Mar 11 to Jun 18, and Jul 17 to Oct 28
First harvest: About 53 days after sowing. Sown on April 8, ready around May 31.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 54°F or more, and no frost.

Zucchini across the US, town by town

CucumberOutdoors Apr 8 to May 21, and Aug 14 to Sep 25; Under cover Mar 11 to Jun 18, and Jul 17 to Oct 23

Sow outdoors: Apr 8 to May 21, and Aug 14 to Sep 25
Under cover: Mar 11 to Jun 18, and Jul 17 to Oct 23
First harvest: About 59 days after sowing. Sown on April 8, ready around June 6.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 54°F or more, and no frost.

Cucumber across the US, town by town

Winter squashOutdoors Apr 8 to May 14, and Aug 14 to Sep 12; Under cover Mar 11 to Jun 11, and Jul 17 to Oct 10

Sow outdoors: Apr 8 to May 14, and Aug 14 to Sep 12
Under cover: Mar 11 to Jun 11, and Jul 17 to Oct 10
First harvest: About 73 days after sowing. Sown on April 8, ready around June 20.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 54°F or more, and no frost.

Winter squash across the US, town by town

Sweet cornOutdoors Apr 3 to May 14, and Aug 14 to Sep 14; Under cover Mar 6 to Jun 11, and Jul 17 to Oct 12

Sow outdoors: Apr 3 to May 14, and Aug 14 to Sep 14
Under cover: Mar 6 to Jun 11, and Jul 17 to Oct 12
First harvest: About 74 days after sowing. Sown on April 3, ready around June 16.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 52°F or more, and no frost.

Sweet corn across the US, town by town

Roots

CarrotOutdoors Aug 14 to Oct 17, and Dec 10 to May 27; Under cover Jul 17 to Jun 24

Sow outdoors: Aug 14 to Oct 17, and Dec 10 to May 27
Under cover: Jul 17 to Jun 24
First harvest: About 60 days after sowing. Sown on August 14, ready around October 13.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 45°F.

Carrot across the US, town by town

BeetOutdoors Jan 10 to May 29, and Aug 14 to Oct 12; Under cover Jul 17 to Nov 9, and Dec 13 to Jun 26

Sow outdoors: Jan 10 to May 29, and Aug 14 to Oct 12
Under cover: Jul 17 to Nov 9, and Dec 13 to Jun 26
First harvest: About 87 days after sowing. Sown on January 10, ready around April 7.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 45°F.

Beet across the US, town by town

ParsnipOutdoors Aug 14 to Apr 23; Under cover Jul 17 to May 21

Sow outdoors: Aug 14 to Apr 23
Under cover: Jul 17 to May 21
First harvest: About 78 days after sowing. Sown on August 14, ready around October 31.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Parsnip across the US, town by town

RadishOutdoors Jan 10 to May 24, and Sep 1 to Nov 18; Under cover Aug 4 to Jun 21

Sow outdoors: Jan 10 to May 24, and Sep 1 to Nov 18
Under cover: Aug 4 to Jun 21
First harvest: About 34 days after sowing. Sown on January 10, ready around February 13.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F; bolts in hot weather.

Radish across the US, town by town

PotatoOutdoors Aug 14 to Oct 18, and Dec 8 to Mar 24; Under cover Jul 17 to Apr 21

Plant outdoors: Aug 14 to Oct 18, and Dec 8 to Mar 24
Under cover: Jul 17 to Apr 21
First harvest: About 60 days after planting. Planted on August 14, ready around October 13.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Potato across the US, town by town

TurnipOutdoors Jan 10 to Jun 3, and Aug 24 to Oct 26; Under cover Jul 27 to Nov 23, and Dec 13 to Jul 1

Sow outdoors: Jan 10 to Jun 3, and Aug 24 to Oct 26
Under cover: Jul 27 to Nov 23, and Dec 13 to Jul 1
First harvest: About 75 days after sowing. Sown on January 10, ready around March 26.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Turnip across the US, town by town

Leaves

LettuceOutdoors Jan 1 to May 15, and Sep 8 to Oct 27; Under cover Aug 11 to Nov 24, and Dec 4 to Jun 12

Sow outdoors: Jan 1 to May 15, and Sep 8 to Oct 27
Under cover: Aug 11 to Nov 24, and Dec 4 to Jun 12
First harvest: About 42 days after sowing. Sown on January 1, ready around February 12.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F; bolts in hot weather.

Lettuce across the US, town by town

SpinachOutdoors Sep 8 to May 15; Under cover Aug 11 to Jun 12

Sow outdoors: Sep 8 to May 15
Under cover: Aug 11 to Jun 12
First harvest: About 27 days after sowing. Sown on September 8, ready around October 5.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F; bolts in hot weather.

Spinach across the US, town by town

Swiss chardOutdoors Jan 10 to Oct 26; Under cover Dec 13 to Nov 23

Sow outdoors: Jan 10 to Oct 26
Under cover: Dec 13 to Nov 23
First harvest: About 75 days after sowing. Sown on January 10, ready around March 26.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 45°F.

Swiss chard across the US, town by town

ArugulaOutdoors Sep 8 to Dec 1, and Dec 28 to May 15; Under cover Aug 11 to Jun 12

Sow outdoors: Sep 8 to Dec 1, and Dec 28 to May 15
Under cover: Aug 11 to Jun 12
First harvest: About 24 days after sowing. Sown on September 8, ready around October 2.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F; bolts in hot weather.

Arugula across the US, town by town

CeleryOutdoors Aug 14 to Mar 11; Under cover Jul 17 to Apr 8

Sow outdoors: Aug 14 to Mar 11
Under cover: Jul 17 to Apr 8
First harvest: About 78 days after sowing. Sown on August 14, ready around October 31.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 41°F.

Celery across the US, town by town

Beans and peas

Runner beanOutdoors Apr 3 to May 21, and Aug 14 to Sep 18; Under cover Mar 6 to Jun 18, and Jul 17 to Oct 16

Sow outdoors: Apr 3 to May 21, and Aug 14 to Sep 18
Under cover: Mar 6 to Jun 18, and Jul 17 to Oct 16
First harvest: About 71 days after sowing. Sown on April 3, ready around June 13.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 52°F or more, and no frost.

Runner bean across the US, town by town

Green beanOutdoors Apr 3 to Jun 3, and Aug 14 to Sep 27; Under cover Mar 6 to Jul 1, and Jul 17 to Oct 25

Sow outdoors: Apr 3 to Jun 3, and Aug 14 to Sep 27
Under cover: Mar 6 to Jul 1, and Jul 17 to Oct 25
First harvest: About 62 days after sowing. Sown on April 3, ready around June 4.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 52°F or more, and no frost.

Green bean across the US, town by town

Fava beanOutdoors Nov 9 to Jan 9; Under cover Oct 12 to Feb 6

Sow outdoors: Nov 9 to Jan 9
Under cover: Oct 12 to Feb 6
First harvest: About 220 days after sowing. Sown on November 9, ready around June 17.
Warmth: Hardy: goes in as the weather cools, and grows on through winter.

Fava bean across the US, town by town

PeaOutdoors Jan 10 to May 9, and Sep 1 to Oct 6; Under cover Aug 4 to Nov 3, and Dec 13 to Jun 6

Sow outdoors: Jan 10 to May 9, and Sep 1 to Oct 6
Under cover: Aug 4 to Nov 3, and Dec 13 to Jun 6
First harvest: About 99 days after sowing. Sown on January 10, ready around April 19.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F; bolts in hot weather.

Pea across the US, town by town

Onion family

OnionOutdoors Aug 14 to Mar 9; Under cover Jul 17 to Apr 6

Plant outdoors: Aug 14 to Mar 9
Under cover: Jul 17 to Apr 6
First harvest: About 84 days after planting. Planted on August 14, ready around November 6.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Onion across the US, town by town

GarlicOutdoors Nov 9 to Jan 9; Under cover Oct 12 to Feb 6

Plant outdoors: Nov 9 to Jan 9
Under cover: Oct 12 to Feb 6
First harvest: About 250 days after planting. Planted on November 9, ready around July 17.
Warmth: Hardy: goes in as the weather cools, and grows on through winter.

Garlic across the US, town by town

LeekOutdoors Aug 14 to May 21; Under cover Jul 17 to Jun 18

Sow outdoors: Aug 14 to May 21
Under cover: Jul 17 to Jun 18
First harvest: About 90 days after sowing. Sown on August 14, ready around November 12.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Leek across the US, town by town

ScallionOutdoors all year

Sow outdoors: all year
Under cover: all year
First harvest: About 42 days after sowing. Sown on January 1, ready around February 12.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 41°F.

Scallion across the US, town by town

ShallotOutdoors Aug 14 to Mar 25; Under cover Jul 17 to Apr 22

Plant outdoors: Aug 14 to Mar 25
Under cover: Jul 17 to Apr 22
First harvest: About 78 days after planting. Planted on August 14, ready around October 31.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 41°F.

Shallot across the US, town by town

Brassicas

CabbageOutdoors Aug 14 to May 29; Under cover Jul 17 to Jun 26

Sow outdoors: Aug 14 to May 29
Under cover: Jul 17 to Jun 26
First harvest: About 66 days after sowing. Sown on August 14, ready around October 19.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Cabbage across the US, town by town

BroccoliOutdoors Jan 2 to May 21, and Aug 14 to Oct 6; Under cover Jul 17 to Nov 3, and Dec 5 to Jun 18

Sow outdoors: Jan 2 to May 21, and Aug 14 to Oct 6
Under cover: Jul 17 to Nov 3, and Dec 5 to Jun 18
First harvest: About 54 days after sowing. Sown on January 2, ready around February 25.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 45°F.

Broccoli across the US, town by town

CauliflowerOutdoors Sep 1 to Oct 21, and Nov 14 to May 9; Under cover Aug 4 to Jun 6

Sow outdoors: Sep 1 to Oct 21, and Nov 14 to May 9
Under cover: Aug 4 to Jun 6
First harvest: About 72 days after sowing. Sown on September 1, ready around November 12.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F; bolts in hot weather.

Cauliflower across the US, town by town

Brussels sproutOutdoors Aug 14 to Apr 1; Under cover Jul 17 to Apr 29

Sow outdoors: Aug 14 to Apr 1
Under cover: Jul 17 to Apr 29
First harvest: About 108 days after sowing. Sown on August 14, ready around November 30.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Brussels sprout across the US, town by town

KaleOutdoors Jan 8 to May 29, and Aug 14 to Oct 12; Under cover Jul 17 to Nov 9, and Dec 11 to Jun 26

Sow outdoors: Jan 8 to May 29, and Aug 14 to Oct 12
Under cover: Jul 17 to Nov 9, and Dec 11 to Jun 26
First harvest: About 48 days after sowing. Sown on January 8, ready around February 25.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 45°F.

Kale across the US, town by town

Bok choyOutdoors Feb 12 to May 15, and Sep 8 to Nov 7; Under cover Jan 15 to Jun 12, and Aug 11 to Dec 5

Sow outdoors: Feb 12 to May 15, and Sep 8 to Nov 7
Under cover: Jan 15 to Jun 12, and Aug 11 to Dec 5
First harvest: About 50 days after sowing. Sown on February 12, ready around April 3.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 46°F; bolts in hot weather.

Bok choy across the US, town by town

Herbs

BasilOutdoors Mar 5 to Jun 4, and Aug 14 to Oct 1; Under cover Feb 5 to Jul 2, and Jul 17 to Oct 29

Sow outdoors: Mar 5 to Jun 4, and Aug 14 to Oct 1
Under cover: Feb 5 to Jul 2, and Jul 17 to Oct 29
First harvest: About 65 days after sowing. Sown on March 5, ready around May 9.
Warmth: Tender: needs days averaging 46°F or more, and no frost.

Basil across the US, town by town

ParsleyOutdoors all year

Sow outdoors: all year
Under cover: all year
First harvest: About 45 days after sowing. Sown on January 1, ready around February 15.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Parsley across the US, town by town

CilantroOutdoors Jan 9 to May 15, and Sep 8 to Nov 10; Under cover Aug 11 to Jun 12

Sow outdoors: Jan 9 to May 15, and Sep 8 to Nov 10
Under cover: Aug 11 to Jun 12
First harvest: About 30 days after sowing. Sown on January 9, ready around February 8.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 45°F; bolts in hot weather.

Cilantro across the US, town by town

ChivesOutdoors Jan 10 to Apr 23, and Aug 14 to Oct 10; Under cover Jul 17 to Nov 7, and Dec 13 to May 21

Sow outdoors: Jan 10 to Apr 23, and Aug 14 to Oct 10
Under cover: Jul 17 to Nov 7, and Dec 13 to May 21
First harvest: Crops every year once it’s established.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Chives across the US, town by town

MintOutdoors all year

Sow outdoors: all year
Under cover: all year
First harvest: Crops every year once it’s established.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 45°F.

Mint across the US, town by town

Fruit

StrawberryOutdoors Aug 14 to Oct 16, and Dec 22 to Apr 1; Under cover Jul 17 to Nov 13, and Nov 24 to Apr 29

Plant outdoors: Aug 14 to Oct 16, and Dec 22 to Apr 1
Under cover: Jul 17 to Nov 13, and Nov 24 to Apr 29
First harvest: Crops every year once it’s established.
Warmth: Hardy: grows once days average 43°F.

Strawberry across the US, town by town

RaspberryNot here: winters too mild here

Plant outdoors: Not here: winters too mild here
Under cover: No
First harvest: Crops every year once it’s established.
Warmth: Hardy: goes in as the weather cools, and grows on through winter.

Raspberry across the US, town by town

RhubarbNot here: winters too mild here

Plant outdoors: Not here: winters too mild here
Under cover: No
First harvest: Crops every year once it’s established.
Warmth: Hardy: goes in as the weather cools, and grows on through winter.

Rhubarb across the US, town by town

Nearby

Questions about growing in Ontario

When is the last frost in Ontario?

On average around March 5, and the first autumn frost comes around November 30. In a cold spring a frost can come a week or two late, so tender plants are safest out a week after the date.

Can I grow tomatoes outdoors in Ontario?

Yes. Plant them outdoors Apr 9 to May 9, and Aug 14 to Sep 11, or under cover Mar 12 to Jun 6, and Jul 17 to Oct 9.

What can I sow in Ontario in November?

Outdoors: parsnip, radish, spinach, arugula, celery, fava bean, onion, garlic, leek, scallion, shallot, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprout, bok choy, parsley, cilantro, mint. Under cover: carrot, beet, potato, turnip, lettuce, Swiss chard, kale, chives, strawberry.

How accurate are these dates?

They’re worked out from 30 years of climate data for this spot, adjusted for its height, so they’re a good guide for a typical year. Check the forecast before planting out anything tender.

Get these dates as reminders

Bia turns this calendar into a nudge when it’s time to sow, plant out and harvest, for your backyard or community garden plot in Ontario. Free for 2 months.

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How these dates are worked out: climate records for this spot (ERA5-Land, 1995 to 2024), the local frost dates and the height above sea level turn a seed-packet date into a local one. Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information; towns from GeoNames (CC BY 4.0). How sowing dates work